1. Traditional Healers (Dukuns)
Dukuns were the primary healthcare providers in the region. They practiced herbal medicine, midwifery, and spiritual healing. They were highly respected in their communities and provided treatments for a wide range of illnesses using plants, massage, and traditional rituals.
2. Palace Medicine
The royal courts, especially in powerful kingdoms like Majapahit and Demak, had access to more advanced healthcare practices, often involving trained traditional healers who served the elite. Healing practices in the courts may have been more refined, using sophisticated herbal knowledge and occasionally learning from foreign traders or travelers.
3. Herbal Gardens and Healing Centers
In many Indonesian communities, herbal gardens were maintained, where medicinal plants were cultivated for healing purposes. Local healers used these gardens as sources for their treatments. These gardens could be considered informal "healing centers," though they were not hospitals in the modern sense.
4. Spiritual Healing and Temples
Temples played a significant role in healthcare. Hinduism, Buddhism, and local animist beliefs all contributed to the idea of healing as both a physical and spiritual process. People often went to temples or religious centers for healing rituals, where priests or monks would perform religious ceremonies to treat illnesses.
5. Folk Medicine and Community Care
Most medical care was decentralized and community-based, with families and local practitioners caring for the sick. The knowledge of herbs, traditional massage (known as pijat), and other natural remedies was passed down through generations.
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