1. Traditional Healers (Dukuns) Dukuns were the primary healthcare providers in the region. They practiced herbal medicine, midwifery, and spiritual healing. They were highly respected in their communities and provided treatments for a wide range of illnesses using plants, massage, and traditional rituals. 2. Palace Medicine The royal courts, especially in powerful kingdoms like Majapahit and Demak, had access to more advanced healthcare practices, often involving trained traditional healers who served the elite. Healing practices in the courts may have been more refined, using sophisticated herbal knowledge and occasionally learning from foreign traders or travelers. 3. Herbal Gardens and Healing Centers In many Indonesian communities, herbal gardens were maintained, where medicinal plants were cultivated for healing purposes. Local healers used these gardens as sources for their treatments. These gardens could be considered informal "healing centers," though they were not ...
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